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History and Physics Instruments
Crookes tubes
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Crookes flower tube
30 cm in height with a (puluj) electrical radiometer on top, early 20th Century. This tube can be found in the Max Kohl catalog nr.100 band III page 1015 on the site of the Max Planck institute, The Virtual Library.
It was one of the most expensive tubes!
30 cm in height with a (puluj) electrical radiometer on top, early 20th Century. This tube can be found in the Max Kohl catalog nr.100 band III page 1015 on the site of the Max Planck institute, The Virtual Library.
It was one of the most expensive tubes!
The Crookes phosphorescent flower tube or bouquet tube
is also a beautiful piece of craftsmanship, these tubes were
made in different sizes. The copper flowers are covered with
different phosphors, the vanes on top are made of mica and
turn when the tube is activated forming a moving shadow on
the flowers below. The stream of electrons demonstrates the
kinetic effect (which in fact is caused by heat) in form
of the turning vanes. this shows that electrons travel in straight
lines which can be seen by watching the phosphors lightning up
when there is no obstruction in the way of the electrons.
is also a beautiful piece of craftsmanship, these tubes were
made in different sizes. The copper flowers are covered with
different phosphors, the vanes on top are made of mica and
turn when the tube is activated forming a moving shadow on
the flowers below. The stream of electrons demonstrates the
kinetic effect (which in fact is caused by heat) in form
of the turning vanes. this shows that electrons travel in straight
lines which can be seen by watching the phosphors lightning up
when there is no obstruction in the way of the electrons.
Goldstein Canal Ray Tube
Pressler
Pressler
The perforated cathode.
Canal Rays or positive
Protons (red glow)
Protons (red glow)
Eugen Goldstein
1850 - 1931
1850 - 1931
The Goldstein Canal Ray tube.
This tube demonstrates that besides the cathode rays there is another
stream that travels in the opposite direction as the electron flow.
Discovered in 1886 by Eugen Goldstein (1850- 1931) who named this
"canal rays". In fact these are positively charged protons, producing a
reddish light in the upper part of the tube while in the lower part the usual
green emission of electrons can be seen when they hit the glass wall.
The electrons in the lower part of the tube can be deflected by
a magnetic field but the canal rays almost not. Goldstein could not explain
this phenomenon, it took 12 years before Goldstein's paper was published.
An interesting PDF about the discovery of the proton can be found here.
This tube demonstrates that besides the cathode rays there is another
stream that travels in the opposite direction as the electron flow.
Discovered in 1886 by Eugen Goldstein (1850- 1931) who named this
"canal rays". In fact these are positively charged protons, producing a
reddish light in the upper part of the tube while in the lower part the usual
green emission of electrons can be seen when they hit the glass wall.
The electrons in the lower part of the tube can be deflected by
a magnetic field but the canal rays almost not. Goldstein could not explain
this phenomenon, it took 12 years before Goldstein's paper was published.
An interesting PDF about the discovery of the proton can be found here.
Crookes railway or paddlewheel tube (Pressler)
Activated railwaytube
The Railway tube demonstrates kinetic energy.
The electrons bounced at the paddles covered
with a small amount of phosphor will turn
the paddlewheel and move from one to the other
side of the tube. In fact it is the heat which is
present when the electrons strike the vanes that
turns the peddle wheel similar as the Radiometer.
Several scientists like Maxwell and Puluj stated
this although Crookes was convinced of the
electron force theory. Eventually it was Thomson
who proved that the electron force in the tube
necessary to move the wheel was insufficient.
The railway tube was one of the models
Crookes demonstrated in his famous lecture in
Sheffield 1879.
The electrons bounced at the paddles covered
with a small amount of phosphor will turn
the paddlewheel and move from one to the other
side of the tube. In fact it is the heat which is
present when the electrons strike the vanes that
turns the peddle wheel similar as the Radiometer.
Several scientists like Maxwell and Puluj stated
this although Crookes was convinced of the
electron force theory. Eventually it was Thomson
who proved that the electron force in the tube
necessary to move the wheel was insufficient.
The railway tube was one of the models
Crookes demonstrated in his famous lecture in
Sheffield 1879.
Crookes vacuum tubes (Pressler 7a & 7b)
Activated 7a tube
Activated 7b tube
The Crookes vacuum tube demonstrates the behavior of the
electron beam in different pressures. The Pressler tubes are named
7a & 7b
The 7a tube has a low vacuum about 10-30 Torr like in a
De la Rive tube, the beam inhere exists between the Cathode to
the Anode via the shortest way, unlike which of the three is used.
The 7b tube however has a high vacuum of 0,03 Torr, the difference
is clear to see. Radiant matter leaves the hollow Cathode in the
opposite way (as X-Rays) unlike which of the three Anodes is used.
See also the Cross vacuum scale.
electron beam in different pressures. The Pressler tubes are named
7a & 7b
The 7a tube has a low vacuum about 10-30 Torr like in a
De la Rive tube, the beam inhere exists between the Cathode to
the Anode via the shortest way, unlike which of the three is used.
The 7b tube however has a high vacuum of 0,03 Torr, the difference
is clear to see. Radiant matter leaves the hollow Cathode in the
opposite way (as X-Rays) unlike which of the three Anodes is used.
See also the Cross vacuum scale.
Wien Canal Ray tube length 42 cm.
This is a rare very early horizontal model probably end of the 19th Century with platinum wire connections.
This is a rare very early horizontal model probably end of the 19th Century with platinum wire connections.
Canal rays can be seen in the left of the picture.
The early wire connection
Wien's Canal Ray tube is named after it's inventor
Wilhelm Wien. Wien did several experiments from
1897-1912, his experiments were similar to
JJ.Thomson almost the same time.
This tube has some extra electrodes compared to
the Goldstein Canal Ray tube. To connect the tube
in different way's to a galvanometer the positive or
negative charged particles can be measured by
experiment.
Wilhelm Wien. Wien did several experiments from
1897-1912, his experiments were similar to
JJ.Thomson almost the same time.
This tube has some extra electrodes compared to
the Goldstein Canal Ray tube. To connect the tube
in different way's to a galvanometer the positive or
negative charged particles can be measured by
experiment.
Wilhelm Wien
1864-1928
1864-1928
The sieve with tiny holes.
See even more fine Crookes tubes on the next pages!
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Crookes railway tube (Leybold's nachfolger)
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Early four electrode high vacuum tube.
This is a model made probably before 1900.
The tube has the specific blue electrode glass seals for that time.
The small base has an internal lead ring to prevent falling of the tube.
This is a model made probably before 1900.
The tube has the specific blue electrode glass seals for that time.
The small base has an internal lead ring to prevent falling of the tube.
